Su wane ne mayaƙan JNIM kuma me ya sa suke kai hare-hare?

Ƙungiyar Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), mai alaƙa da Al-Qaeda na da hannu a hare-haren iƙirarin jihadi a Yammacin Afirka, musamman ƙasashen Mali da Burkina faso da Nijar.

Ƙasashen uku na yankin Sahel sun jima suna fama da matsalolin ƙungiyar - kuma wannan na daga cikin dalilan da suka haifar da jerin juyin mulki a ƙasashen uku cikin shekara biyar da suka gabata.

JNIM tare da ƙungiyar ƴan'awaren Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), sun ƙaddamar da jerin hare-hare tun daga ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun a faɗin Mali, lamarin da ya haifar da kisan ministan tsaron ƙasar, Sadio Camara.

Mayaƙan JNIM sun kuma rufe manyan titunan shiga Bamako, babban birnin Mali

Wace ce ƙungiyar JNIM?

JNIM ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin masu iƙirarin jihadi da ke kai munanan hare-hare a Afirka a ƴan shekarun nan.

An kafa ƙungiyar a 2017 a Mali a matsalin haɗakar ƙungiyoyin masu iƙirarin jihadi da suka haɗa da:

A shekarun baya-bayan nan ƙungiyoyin sun faɗaɗa wuraren da suka ayyukansu, tare da kafa sansanoni.

Iyad Ag Ghali - tsohon jami'in diplomasiiyar Mali, ɗan ƙabilar Tuareg - ne ke jagorantar JNIM.

Ya kasance daga cikin jagororin boren da ƴan ƙabilar Tuareg suka yi wa gwamnatin mali a 2012, waɗanda suka yi yunƙurin kafa ƙasar Tuareg mai cin gashin kai da ake kira Azawad.

Mataimakin ƙungiyar shi ne Amadou Koufa, wanda ɗan ƙabilar Fulani ne.

Masu sharhi na ganin shugabancin ƙungiyar na ƙoli na taimaka wa rassan ƙungiyar da ke sassan yankin Sashel da Yammacin Afirka.

Yayin da yake da wahala a iya tantance adadin mayaƙan ƙungiyar, ko mayaƙa nawa ta ɗauka a baya-bayan nan, masana na ganin sun kai dubbai, mafi yawansu matasa da yara maza, waɗanda fama da talauci a ɗaya daga cikin yankuna mafiya talauci a duniya.

Me ƙungiyar JNIM ke buƙata?

Ƙungiyar na adawa da gwamnatocin ƙasashen yankin Sahel, inda take neman tilasta amfani da dokokin shari'ar Musulunci a wuraren da dake aiki.

Masu sharhi na cewa a wasu yankunan, JNIM ta tilasta amfani da tufafi, tare da haramta kiɗa da shaye-shaye, da tsayar da gemu ga maza da kuma hana mata shiga tarukan jama'a.

Aƙidun ƙungiyar sun sha bamban da na musulman da ke zaune a ƙasashen, a cewar Yvan Guichaoua, babban mai bincike a cibiyar nazarin rikice-rikice ta duniya.

"Aƙidun nasu sun saɓa wa tsarin aihinin dokokin addinin musuluncin,'' in ji shi.

A ina JNIM ke ayyukanta?

Manyan yankunan da JNIM ta fi ƙarfi na cikin ƙasashen Burkina Faso da Mali da kuma Jamhriyar Nijar, amma tana kai hare-hare a ƙasashen Benin da Togo da Ivory Coast, kuma tana yaɗuwa cikin sauri.

"JNIM na da damar far wa garuruwa da dama sannan sukan yi amfani da salon jan hankali wajen ɗaukar ma'aikata ko samun goyon bayan mazauna yankunan,'' a cewar Beverly Ochieng, babban mai sharhi a wani kamfanin bayar da shawarwarin tsaro.

Ta yaya JNIM ke samun kuɗaɗenta?

Ƙaungiyar na da hanyoyin samun kuɗaɗe masu yawa.

Akwai lokutan da ƙungiyar ta riƙa samun kuɗinta a Mali, ta hanyar garkuwa da ƴan ƙasashen waje domin neman kuɗin fansa, amma yanzu ƙasashen wajen kaɗan ne a ƙasar saboda taɓarɓarewar tsaro.

A yanzu kuma satar shanu ce hanya mafi girma da ƙungiyar ke samun kuɗin shigarta, a cewar wani mai sharhi daga kamfanin nazarin tsaro na Gi-Toc, wanda ba ya son a ambaci sunansa saboda dalilai na tsaro.

"Ƙasar Mali babbar mai fitar da shanu ce a duniya, don haka satar shanun kan yi mayaƙan ƙungiyar sauƙi haka ma sayar da su,'' in ji mai sharhin.

Binciken kamfanin Gi-Toc ya nuna cewa a cikin shekara guda a gunduma ɗaya, JINM ta samu kuɗin da suka kai dala 770,000 daga safarar dabbobi.

La'akari da waɗannan alƙaluma, JNIM ka iya samun miliyoyin daloli daga satar shanu.

Sannan kuma JNIM na ƙaƙaba wa mutane haraje-haraje, a cewar masana.

''Sukan saka haraji kan zinare, kuma sukan saka haraji kan duk abin da ya rasa yankin da suke da ƙarfi, halastacce ko wanda aka haramta,'' in ji Gi-Toc.

"Sukan kuma ƙakaba wa garuruwa haraji domin kariya daga hare-harensu.''

Haka kuma sukan kafa shingaye a titunan shiga wasu garuruwan, inda mutane ke biyan kuɗi domin shiga ko fita, kamar yadda Ms Ochieng ta bayyana.

Wane ne ke yaƙar JNIM?

An girke dakarun Faransa kudan 4,000 a fadin yankin Sahel domin yaƙar ƙungiyar tun 2013, amma duka da ƙoƙarun da suka yi a karon farko, ba su iya hana JNIM ci gaba da faɗaɗa ba.

Tsakanin2020 da 2023, an gudanar da jerin juyin mulki a ƙasashen Mali da Burkina Faso da kuma Jamhuriyar Nijar.

Gwamnatocin mulkin sojin ƙasashen uku, sun ɗauki matakin korar dakarun Faransa, tare da maye gurbinsu da sojojin hayar Rasha da haɗin gwiwar sojojin ƙasashen uku.

A Mali, dakarun kiyaya zaman lafiya na MDD, MINUSMA sun kammala janyewa daga ƙasar a 2023, lamarin da ya gwamnatin mulkin soji dogara da sojojinta na da ƙawancen ƙasashen Sahel.

A watan Afrilun 2026, bayan hare-haren haɗin gwiwar, sojojin Mali da ƙawayensu na Rasha Wagner, sun janye daga garin Kidal na arewacin Mali mai muhimmanci.

A yanzu haka ƙungiyar JNIM tare da ƴan'awaren Tuareg na iƙirarin iko da garin.

"Ƙwancen yaƙi da masu iƙirarin jihadin ya gaza, kuma sakamakon haka JNIM na ƙara ƙarfi, don haka yanzu hanya ɗaya da za a kawo ƙarshen ayyukan ƙungiyar shi ne tattaunawa'', in ji Gi-Toc.

Mai sharhin ya kuma goyi bayan wata sanarwa da ministan harkokin wajen Mali Tiéman Coulibaly, wanda ya shaida wa BBC ya yi imanin cewa "suna tattaunawa domin cimma zaman lafiya, tun da Mali muna cikin lokacin yaƙin basasa, su ma ƴan JNIM ɗin ƴan Mali ne''.

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na zargin gwamnatocin Mali da Burkina Fasoda muzguna wa fararen hula, musamman Fulani.

Ƙungiyoyin fararen hular sun ce gwamnatocin na alaƙanta ƴan ƙabilar Fulani da ƙungiyoyin masu iƙirarin jihadi, wani abu da ya ƙara dagula zaman lafiyar ƙasar.

Tsakanin watan Janairun 2024 da Maris ɗin 2025, gwamnatin mulkin sojin Mali da ƙawayensu sojojin hayar Rasha sun kashe fararen hula 1,486 a Mali, a cewar Gi-Toc.

Mummunar muzguna wa fararen hula na haifar da jin haushin gwmanatin, wania bu da ke haifar wa ƙungiyar JNIM ƙara ɗaukar ma'aikata.

Ƙarin rahoto daga Marco Oriunto