Shugabanni 5 da suka yi mulkin kama karya a Afrika

A nahiyar Afirka, waɗannan mutanen sun yi ƙaurin suna har abada : Idi Amin Dada, Mengistu Haile Mariam, Omar El Béchir, Hussein Habré, Charles Taylor da sauransu, sun bar tarihi a zamanin mulkinsu tsakanin shekarun 1970s zuwa 2000.

Su na hawa kan karagar mulki, suka fara aiwatar da matakan kama karya, inda suka bi wasu manufofin da suka shafi musgunawa al'umma ta hanyar ɓullo da wasu migyagun matakai da suka haɗa da kisan gilla da ɗaure mutane ba tare da wata ƙwakawarar hujja ba, da kuma azabtar da waɗanda ake tsare da su a gidajen yari.

A cikin wannan labarin, BBC News Africa ta waiwayi waɗannan shugabanni da suka yi aikata miyagun ayyuka musamman a lokacin mulkinsu, inda aka zaɓo bayanai daga rahotannin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama.

1- Idi Amin Dada (Uganda, 1971-1979)

An shirya wani fim mai suna ''The Last King of Scotland,'' a kan rayuwar Idi amin Dad, wanda jarumin nan ɗan Amurka Forest Whitaker ya fito a mtsayin tashon shugaban da ya yi mulkin kama karya a Uganda.

Idi Amin Dada ya hau karagar mulki ne bayan juyin mulki a ranar 25 ga watan Janairun 1971, inda ya hambarar da gwamnatin Milton Obote.

Daga karɓar mulki, ya fara amfani da matakangwamnatocin soja: Ya ruguza majalisa, aka dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa, aka kuma ƙaddamar da dokar da ta tabbatar da mulkinsa a hukumance.

An bai wa jami'an tsaro ikon kama mutane ba tare da sammaci ba kuma za su iya tsare duk wanda ake zargi da yi wa ƙasa zagon ƙasa har abada, ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba.

Da farko al'ummar ƙasar ta kyautata kyaykkawar zato kan hawar Amin karagar mulki. Amma cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci ƴan Uganda suka gane cewa sabon shugaban ban kanwar lasa ba ne.

A shekarun farko na mulkin Idi Amin Dada, an aiwatar da kisan wasu fitattun mutane da suka haɗa da Benedicto Kiwanuka, shugaban kotun ƙolin ƙasar, wanda aka sace shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1972, a lokacin da ya ke sauraren ƙara a cikin kotu, aka tafi da shi da motar soja, sannan aka kashe shi saboda matsayinsa na goyon bayan ƴancin ɓangaren shari'a.

An kuma kashe wasu fitattun mutane da dama.

Idi Amin ya aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a kan waɗanda ake zargi da son hambarar da gwamnatinsa. Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta yi nuni da wani kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane 15 a bainar jama'a a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1977, da kuma sace mutane da kisan gillar da jami'an tsaro suka yi.

Ɓangarorin jami'an tasro daban-daban ne suka aiwatar da kamen mutanen, inda sukan kai waɗanda suka damke zuwa shalkwatarsu ko ofisoshin ƴan sanda ko kuma bariki, waɗanda suka zama tamkar cibiyoyin azabtarwa.

A tsawon shekaru, rahotanni da dama sun bayyana cewa an gano gawar fursunonin da aka farfasa kawunansu.

Adadin mutanen da gwamnatin Idi Amin Dada ta kashe tun 1971 ya bambanta bisa ga alkaluma: mafi ƙanƙanta sun nuna cewa an kashe mutane 50,000, yayin da wasu ke nuna cewa an kashe mutane 300,000, ko ma fiye da haka.

An hambarar da gwamnatinsa ne a shekarar 1979, lamarin da ya sa ya nemi mafaka a ƙasar Saudiyya, inda ya rasu, ba tare da an yi masa shari'a kan laifukan da ya aikata ba, a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2003.

2- Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia, 1977-1991)

Bayan an kammala shari'ar da aka shafe kusan shekara goma sha biyu, wata kotun tarayya ta ƙasar Habasha ta samu Mengistu Haile Mariam da laifin aikata kisan kiyashi da cin zarafin bil'adama a shekarar 2008, sannan ta yanke masa hukuncin kisa ta hanyar rataya.

Laifukan da ake magana a kai an aikata su ne a lokacin wani mummunan aikin danniya da aka yi wa laƙabi da "Red Terror", wanda gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar tsakanin shekarar 1977 zuwa 1978.

A cewar tsarin shari'a na ƙasar Habasha, gwamnatin Mengistu Haile Mariam ce ke da alhakin kashe mutum fiye da 2,000 da suka haɗa da manyan jami'an gwamnati 60, da ministoci, da ƴan gidan sarauta da aka kashe ta hanyar harbin bindiga. An kuma azabtar da kusan mutum 2,400.

An yi wa dubban mutane laƙabi da abokan gaba na siyasa, inda aka azabtar da su ko kuma aka kashe su a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Mengistu Haile Mariam, wanda ya jagoranci mulkin soja tsakanin 1977 zuwa 1991.

Ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana a cikin wani rahoto da ta fitar cewa masu adawa da gwamnatin, wanda galibinsu daga ƙabilu irin su Tigrai, Eritriya ko Oromo ne, an tsare da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba inda aka azabtar da su, wasu suka ɓace, wasu kuma aka kashe su har lahira.

Waɗanda abin lamarin sun shaida wa kotun cewa waɗada suka zo karɓar gawarwakin ƴanjn uwansu a dakin ajiyar gawarwakin sai sun biya kuɗin harsashin da aka yi amfani da su wurin harbinsu.

Wani ganau mai suna Gizaw Tefera ya bayyana cewa sojojin da suka kashe mahaifinsa sun yanke masa kai, suka yi gwanjonta a wata kasuwa. "Babu wanda ya so siyan kan mahaifina," in ji shi a shekara ta 2000 yayin zaman kotu.

Shaidun da aka gabatar yayin shari'ar sun haɗa takardun umarnin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da aka sanyawa hannu da kuma bidiyon yadda ake azabtar da waɗanda ake tsare da su.

Mengist Haile Mariam, ya kasance ɗan gudun hijira a Zimbabwe bayan ya tsere a watan Mayun 1991, Kuma ba a yi nasarar tasa ƙeyarsa zuwa Habasha ba.

3- Omar al-Bashir (Sudan, 1989-2019)

Mulkinsa a Sudan ya fuskanci barazana daga mummunan yaƙin basasa da kuma rikicin Darfur, inda aka kashe dubban mutane tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2008.

Omar al-Bashir ya hau karagar mulki ne bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi a shekarar 1989, ya kuma yi mulkin kama karya, a ƙasar da ta kasance mafi girma a Afrika kafin rabewarta a shekarar 2011.

Lokacin da ya karɓe mulki, Sudan ta riga ta faɗa masifar yaƙin basasa na tsawon shekara 21 tsakanin arewaci da kudancin ƙasar, wanda daga bisani ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.

Ana zargin Omar al-Bashir da laifin kisan kiyashi, musamman don yunkurin kawar da ƴan ƙabilar Fur, da Masalit, da Zaghawa ta hanyar sanya su cikin yanayin rayuwa da zai kai su ga halaka. Ana kuma tuhumarsa da laifukan cin zarafin bil adama—da kisan kai, yunƙurin shafe wata al'umma, da fyaɗe da azabtarwa—da kuma laifukan yaƙi, saboda hare-haren da sojojinsa suka kai kan fararen hula a yankin Darfur.

An hamɓarar da tsohon shugaban na Sudan ne a shekarar 2019, bayan samun sammacin kama shi daga kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya (ICC) kan laifukan yaƙi da cin zarafin bil adama, ana tsare da shi a Sudan tun bayan rushewar gwamnatinsa.

4- Charles Taylor (Liberia, 1997-2003)

Charles Taylor ya kafa kansa a matsayin shugaba mara tausayi bayan ya haddasa mummunan yaƙin basasa a ƙasar Laberiya a shekarar 1989 don hamɓarar da magabacinsa.

Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1997, Charles Taylor ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen ƙasar Liberiya ta National Patriotic Front (NPFL) da ke neman hamɓarar da gwamnatin shugaba Samuel Doe na wancan lokaci.

An zargi Sojojinsa "da hannu a cin zarafi da dama kan fararen hula, ciki har da kashe-kashe, da kisan kiyashi, da fyaɗe da gallazawa al'umma, da azabtarwa, da kuma amfani da yara ƙanana a matsayin sojoji," a cewar rahotannin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Charles Taylor ya yi matuƙar ƙaurin suna sakamakon irin zaluncin da mutanensa suka yi a lokacin rikici a makwabciyarta Saliyo, inda ya goyi bayan ƴan tawayen Foday Sankoh na ƙungiyar Revolutionary United Front (RUF) a lokacin yaƙin basasa (1991-2002).

Dubban waɗanda abin ya shafa kai tsaye sun fuskanci ''fyaɗe, da cin zarafi da kuma sare musu gaɓoɓinsu" a Saliyo.

A wasu lokuta an tilasta wa wadanda ake azabtarwa su zaɓi ko a yanke musu hannu ko kuma ƙafa - "dogon hannu" ko "gajeren hannu" - ya danganta da matakin da masu yanke musu hukuncin za su sare musu gaɓar .

An kama shi a Najeriya sannan aka miƙa shi ƙasar Holland, a shekarar 2012, inda kotun musamman kan yaƙin Saliyo (SCSL) da ke zama Hague ta yanke wa Charles Taylor hukuncin ɗaurin shekara 50 a gidan yari.

An same shi da laifuffuka 11 da suka haɗa da laifuffukan yaƙi da cin zarafin bil adama, saboda rawar da ya taka a yaƙin basasar Saliyo.

5- Hissène Habré (Chad, 1982-1990)

Hissène Habré ya rasu a kurkuku a Dakar a watan Agusta 2021. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, 2016, an sami tsohon shugaban na Chadi "da laifin aikata cin zarafin bil'adama, da laifuffukan yaƙi da azabtarwa," ciki har da "cin zarafi masu nasaba da jima'i da fyaɗe," a kotun wucin gadi da aka kafa a cikin tsarin shari'a na Senegal sakamakon ƙorafe-ƙorafe da waɗanda aka zalunta da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu suka yi.

A ƙarshen shari'ar da aka yi masa, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu, 2017, wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta tabbatar da wannan hukunci ta kuma umarce shi da ya biya diyya kusan Yuro miliyan 123 ga waɗanda aka zalunta.

Tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1990, Hissène Habré ya jagoranci mulkin kama karya a ƙasar Chadi bayan ya ƙwace mulki bayan ya kasance jagoran ƴan tawaye.

Wani bincike mai shafuka 714 da ƙungiyar Human Rights Watch (HRW) ta gudanar, wanda Reed Brody ya shiga, ya nuna alhakin Habré na kashe-kashen siyasa na tsare mutane ba bisa ƙai'da ba, da ayyukan azabtarwa, da kuma kama dubban mutane ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

Reed Brody, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da "Mai farauta mai mulkin kama karya", ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa mai suna 'The Hunt for Hissène Habré: Judging a Dictator in a World of Impunity' cewa "lokacin da ake yi wa fursunoni tambayoyi, azabtarwa bai kasance wani sabon abu ba, abu ne da aka saba gani".

''An shimfida kawunan wasu fursunoni a ƙasa inda aka ɗora musu wani ƙarfe mai nauyi aka murƙushe kawunan na su.'' in ji shi

Kwamitin bincike da aka kafa a ƙasar Chadi bayan Habre ya tsere zuwa Senegal a shekarar 1990 ya ƙiyasta cewa an kashe mutum kusan 40,000 kan dalilai da suka jiɓanci siyasa kuma an azabtar da kusan 200,000 a cikin shekara takwas na mulkinsa.