Mouammar Kadhafi: Yashaka kuba 'Umwami w'abami'...None indoto yiwe yagarukiye he?

Mouammar Kadhafi, yabaye umushikiranganji wa mbere wa Libiya kw'igenekerezo rya 16 Nzero (1) 1970, ntiyigeze yiyumvira ko ubutegetsi bwiwe bwomaze imyaka 42 kandi bukarangira uko bwarangiye.

Mu gihe yari ku butegetsi, yaratujije bikomeye abatavuga rumwe na we bose, ku buryo hari ababona ko ari co gituma ata yindi nzira y'ubutegetsi canke uwundi munyaporitike yigaragaza nk'uwari gushobora kumusubirira igihe yari akiri ku butegetsi.

Inkubiri y'imigumuko yaje gutera ibihugu vy'abarabu itanguriye muri Tunisia mu 2011, ni yo yahavuye isenyura ubutegetsi bwa koroneri Mouammar Kadhafi.

Mouammar Kadhafi yishwe n'abarwanya ubutegetsi bwiwe ku wa 20 Gitugutu 2011 bafashwe mu mugongo n'urunani rwo kurwaniriza umwansi hamwe ruhurikiyemwo ibihugu vy'Uburengero bw'isi OTAN/NATO.

Ariko none vyagenze gute kugira ngo abe umwe mu bategetsi bafise ijambo ridasanzwe mu karere k'ibihugu vy'abarabu.

Kwinjira mu gisirikare agashika ku rwego rwo hejuru

Nk'uko biri mu gitabu Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mouammar Kadhafi yavutse mu 1942, se wiwe akaba yari umurimyi mworozi wo mu bugaragwa. Ahejeje amashure yiwe yisumbuye, yaciye abndaniriza amashure ya kaminuza i Benghazi.

Mu 1961, yirukanywe muri kaminuza y'i Sabha kubera ibikorwa n'ivyiyumviro vyiwe vya politike. Ariko yahavuye aronka urupapuro rw'umutsindo mu vy'amategeko muri Kaminuza ya Libya.

Yararonse kandi akaryo ko kwinjira mu gisirikare ca Libia, ico gihe kikaba cari kizwi nk'igitanga inyigisho nziza kandi kikaba cari inzira ifasha benshi kwiteza imbere mu mibereho yabo.

Nta nkeka ko ari co camutumye yinjira igisirikare ataraheza amashure yiwe ya kaminuza.

Iyi ngingo ni yo yamuciriye inzira yo gushika ku rwego nsumbazose rw'ubutegetsi. Akiri muto, Kadhafi yari ashigikiye Perezida Gamal Abdel Nasser wa Misiri hamwe na poritike yiwe.

Yaranitavye imyiyerekano yabaye mu 1956 yo kwiyamiriza igitero cari cagabwe n'Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa na Israel inyuma y'uko Misiri yigaruriye Umuhora wa Suez.

Ahejeje inyigisho ziwe za gisirikare, mu 1965 yarungitswe mu Bwongereza kugira abandanye inyigisho za gisirikare.

Kadhafi yaradugagiye ku muvuduko munini mu mapete y'igisirikare ca Libya, ari na ho yaca atangura imigambi yo gusenyura intwaro ya cami.

Akiri no mu nyigisho za gisirikare, yatanguye kwiyumvira uburyo yokuraho ubwami bwa Libya. Amaherezo, amaze gusubira mu gihugu avuye mu Bwongereza mu 1969, yaciye ategura gusenyura intwaro, umugambi wa gisirikare yatanguriye i Benghazi, aca atangaza ko ari we ndongozi nshasha ya Libya.

Ivyemezo mpindurantwaro n'iterambere ryubakiye ku gitoro

Ku wa 1 Nyakanga (9) 1969, kudeta (coup d'Etat) ya gisirikare yari irongowe na Koroneli Kadhafi yabogoje umwami wa Libia, Kadhafi aca aba umugaba mukuru w'igisirikare, umukuru w'Inama Mpindurantwaro hamwe n'umukuru w'igihugu, ariko akaba yagumanye ipete rya koroneli.

Amaze gushika ku butegetsi, yakuyeho ibirindiro vya gisirikare vya Reta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'ivy'Ubwongereza vyari muri Libya, yongera yirukana mu 1970 benshi mu Bataliyano n'abayahudi muri ico gihugu.

Mu 1973, yashize mu maboko ya reta igisata c'ibitoro ca Libya. Yarabujije kandi inzoga n'inkino z'akamari.

Muri ico gihe, yabwiye abarongozi b'amashirahamwe mpuzamakungu y'ibitoro ati: "Abantu bamaze imyaka ibihumbi bitanu babayeho ata peteroli barashobora kubandanya kubaho imyaka mikeyi kugira baronke ico bafitiye uburenganzira."

Ico cemezo cazanye akarusho kadasanzwe ku gihugu, kuko Libya yabaye igihugu ca mbere cari mu nzira y'amajambere cashoboye kwegeranya igice kinini c'amahera ava mu mwimbu waco w'ibitoro.

Ibindi bihugu vy'Abarabu na vyo vyaciye bikurikiza ako karorero, maze vyubaka umushinge w'iterambere rikomeye ry'ubutunzi ryabonetse mu bihugu vyimbura igitoro mu myaka ya 1970.

Muri ico gihe, Libya yimbura igitoro ku rugero rwagereranywa n'urw'ibihugu bimwe bimwe vyo mu Kigobe c'Abarabu, ariko yari ifise abanyagihugu bake, bangana n'imiriyoni zitatu gusa. Ni co gituma igitoro catumye Libya itera imbere cane mu buryo bwihuse.

Kadhafi yari umuntu yarwanya cane ibiganiro n'Igihugu ca Israel, kandi yararwanya amasezerano y'amahoro hagati ya Misiri na Israel. Reta yiwe yarafashije kandi imigambi yo gukora amakudeta mu bihugu bimwebimwe bibanyi.

Inyigisho ziri muri 'Livre vert'

Mu ntango y'imyaka ya 1970, Kadhafi yarashikirije ivyiyumviro vyiwe vya politike mu gitabu citwa 'Livre vert ', cashigikira intwaro ya gisosiyalisti ishingiye kw'idini rya Isilamu. Muri ico gitabu, yerekanye umugambi wiwe wo gushira mu maboko ya reta ibisata bihambaye vy'ubutunzi bw'igihugu.

Kuri we, umuti w'ingorane z'ibonekeza mu gihugu ntiwari demokarasi canke imigambwe myinshi. Yavuga ko imigambwe ikomeye yashikana igihugu ku ntwaro y'agahotoro, kandi ko ibihugu bikwiye kuyoborwa n'amakomite y'abanyagihugu ajejwe ibisata vyose vy'ubuzima bw'igihugu.

Mu 1979, Kadhafi yarahevye ku mugaragaro kwitwa umukuru w'igihugu, ariko mu vy'ukuri yari afise ububasha bwose mu gihugu.

Uruhara rwiwe mu bibazo mpuzamakungu, ibitero vy'iterabwoba n'ibihano

Ku rwego mpuzamakungu, Kadhafi n'ubutegetsi bwiwe bari bazwi kubera ibikorwa vyabo vyari bigoye gutahura.

Yarafashe mu mugongo imirwi itandukanye kw'isi yose, harimwo umurwi wa Black Panthers wo muri Amerika hamwe na Nation of Islam. Yaranafashije kandi Ingabo za Repubulika ya Irlande (IRA) muri Irlande ya Ruguru.

Ba maneko ba Libya barabandanije guhiga abarwanya Kadhafi bari mu buhungiro, kandi ubutegetsi bwiwe bwaragirijwe kugira uruhara mu migambi myinshi yo kwica abo bwabona nk'ababurwanya.

Mu 1986, igisasu caraturikiye mu nzu y'imyidagaduro i'i Berlin mu Budagi yagenderwamwo n'ingabo za Amerika. Ico gitero cagirijwe ba maneko ba Libya.

Ni co catumye Perezida Ronald Reagan wa Amerika yaciye ategeka ibitero vy'indege ku bisagara vya Tripoli na Benghazi, vyahitanye abatari bake, harimwo n'umukobwa wa Kadhafi.

Mu 1988, indege ya kompanyi Pan Am yarakorotse ikagwa i Lockerbie muri Ecosse, ihitana abantu 270. Libya ni yo yagirijwe ko ari yo yari inyuma y'iyo mpanuka.

Aamasezerano ku kibazo ca Lockerbie

Mu ntango, Kadhafi yaranse gushikiriza ubutungane bwa Ecosse abantu babiri bakekwa kugira uruhara mu gitero c'i Lockerbie. Inyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'ibiganiro n'ibihano mpuzamakungu, yarabatanze mu 1999. Umwe muri bo yakatiwe gupfungwa ubuzima bwiwe bwose, mu gihe uwundi yaje kurekurwa mu nyuma.

Muri Myandagaro (8) 2003, Libya yemeye ko yagize uruhara muri ico gitero biciye mw'ikete yandikiye Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ONU, hanyuma itanga indishi y'akababaro y'amadolari y'Abanyamerika imiriyaridi 2,7 ku bagizweko ingaruka n'ico gitero.

Muri Nyakanga 2003, Inama y'Umutekano y'Ishirahamwe ONU yarakuyeho ibihano vyari vyafatiwe Libya.

Libya yarahevye kandi umugambi wayo wo guhingura ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda, iranatanga indishi ku bagizweko ingaruka n'izindi mpanuka z'indege hamwe n'abahuye n'ingaruka z'igitero c'i Berlin.

Gutsimbataza imigenderanire n'ibihugu vy'Uburengero

Amasezerano ku kibazo ca Lockerbie, afatanye n'ingingo yo guhagarika umugambi wo mu mpisho wo guhingura ibirwanisho ruhonyanganda vy'ubumara, yatumye imigenderanire hagati ya Libya n'ibihugu vy'Uburengero isubira kumera neza.

Inyuma y'aho ibihano bikuriweko, abarongozi benshi b'ibihugu bitandukanye kw'isi, harimwo umushikiranganji wa mbere w'Ubwongereza Tony Blair, baragendeye Kadhafi mw'ihema ryiwe rurangiranwa.

Iryo hema ryari rifise ikibanza gihambaye mu buzima bwiwe, kandi yama aryitwaza mu ngendo nyinshi yagira mu mahanga.

Muri ico gihe, Libya yarateye igikumu ku masezerano atari make y'ubudandaji yagiranye n'amakompanyi y'ibitoro hamwe n'ayahingura ibirwanisho mu bihugu vy'Uburengero.

Kadhafi yari azwi kandi kubera uburyo budasanzwe yabayemwo hamwe n'umurwi w'abagore bamucungerera ubuzima bama bamukikuje.

Intureka mpindurantwaro zo mu 2011 n'ugukoresha inguvu

Mu 2011, imyiyerekano yavanye ku butegetsi Zine El Abidine Ben Ali muri Tunisia na Hosni Moubarak mu Misiri yatumye Abanyalibiya na bo bahagurukira batangura kurwanya Kadhafi.

Ubutegetsi bwiwe bwakoresheje inguvu mu kurondera gutuza iyi myiyerekano, mu kurasa abari muri yo, bukoresha indege z'intambara na za kajugujugu mu guhangana n'abariko bariyamiriza intwaro yiwe.

Amashirahamwe aharanira agateka ka zina muntu hamwe n'amakungu bariyamirije ivyo bikorwa.

Ku wa 22 Ruhuhuma 2011, Kadhafi yarateye ivyatsi abamusaba kuva ku butegetsi mw'ijambo yashikirije kuri televiziyo, avuga ko abari mu myiyerekano ari "abahemu."

Yabandanije avuga ko abarwanya ubutegetsi bwiwe bari bashigikiwe na Al-Qaïda.

Uko igihe cagenda, abarwanya ubutegetsi barafashe ibice binini vya Libya baranagota umugwa mukuru Tripoli.

Ku wa 26 Ruhuhuma (2) 2011, Inama nkuru y'Umutekano kw'isi mw'Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ONU yarafatiye ibihano bishasha ubutegetsi bwa Kadhafi yongera ifata amatungo y'umuryango wiwe.

Ni ho mu nyuma OTAN yatangura kugaba ibitero vy'indege vyatumye igisirikare ca Libya gitakaza abasirikare n'ibikoresho vyinshi.

Muri Ndamukiza 2011, umuhungu wiwe w'umuhererezi Saif al-Arab hamwe na batatu mu buzukuru biwe barishwe mu gitero c'indege cagabwe na OTAN.

Urupfu rwa Koroneli Kadhafi

Ku wa 27 Ruheshi, imitahe yo gufata Kadhafi, umuhungu wiwe hamwe n'umukuru w'iperereza ryiwe yarasohowe. Mu nyuma, abarwanya gisirikare ubutegetsi bwiwe binjiye i Tripoli muri Myandagaro (8), maze ku wa 23 Myandagaro bafata ikirimba ca Kadhafi co mu gace ka Bab al-Azizia. Ariko Kadhafi ubwiwe ntiyaciye aboneka. Mu butumwa butandukanye bw'amajwi yagiye asohora, yahamagariye Abanyalibiya guhagurukira kurwanya abamurwanya.

Abarwanya ubutegetsi bemereye uwo wese yari gutanga amakuru yatuma Kadhafi amenyekana aho yari yinyegeje impera y'amadolari y'Abanyamerika miliyoni 1,17. Muri ico gihe, igisagara ca Syrte cari kigoswe. Amakuru amwamwe yavuga ko Koroneli Kadhafi, ari kumwe na bamwe mu bari bamushigikiye, yagerageje guca inzira mu kumenera mu birindiro vy'abarwanyi bariko baramuhiga.

Koroneli Kadhafi n'abo bari kumwe, bari mu miduga, bagerageje guca mu birindiro vy'abariko barabarwanya mu gihe amasasu yari urutavanako. Mu bo bari kumwe muri iyo miduga harimwo kandi umugaba mukuru w'ingabo za Kadhafi, Abou Bakr Younis, hamwe n'umuhungu wiwe Mutassim. Muri ako kanya nyene, indege y'Ubufaransa yari mu ngabo za OTAN yarasa iyo miduga.

Ico gitero ca OTAN casambuye imodoka za gisirikare 15. Koroneli Kadhafi na bamwe mu bo bari kumwe bararokotse ico gitero, baca bihisha mu migende ibiri minini y'amazi, ariko abariko barabahiga bari bamaze kubabona, baca babakikuza ningoga.

Salim Bakir, umwe mu barwanyi, yaje kubwira itororokanirizo ry'amakuru Reuters ati: "Mu ntango, twarashe kuri Koroneli Kadhafi n'abantu biwe dukoresheje ibisasu birasa indege, ariko ntaco vyatanze. Twaciye tubirukako n'amaguru. Tumaze kwegera aho Kadhafi n'abantu biwe bari binyegeje, umwe mu barwanyi biwe yaciye asohoka afise inkoho. Akimbona, yaciye andasa."

Salim Bakir yavuze kandi ati: "Uwo murwanyi yasemerera ati: 'Databuja ari hano, databuja ari hano kandi yakomeretse.'"

Yongeye ati: "Twaciye dutegeka Koroneli Kadhafi gusohoka hanyuma abaza ati: 'Ni ibiki?'"

Ariko uwundi muntu na we avuga ko yiboneye ivyabaye yavuze ko yabonye Koroneli Kadhafi araswa mu nda n'inkoho ntoya (pistolet) yo mu bwoko bwa milimetero 9.

Nk'uko amakuru amw'amwe abivuga, Koroneli Kadhafi yafashwe amaze gukomereka bikomeye. Amavidewo yashizwe ahabona na televiziyo Al Jazeera yamwerekanye ameze nabi cane, bitewe n'ibikomere yari afise hamwe amahiri yakubiswe n'abamurwanya.

Uko ibintu vyakurikiranye inyuma y'aho ntivyigeze bimenyekana neza, ariko Mahmoud Jibril, umushikiranganji wa mbere w'intwaro mfatakibanza yashinzwe inyuma y'isenyuka ry'ubutegetsi bwa Kadhafi, yaje kubwira abamenyeshamakuru ko ibipimo vyo kwa muganga vyakozwe ku kiziga ca Koroneli Kadhafi vyerekanye ko yapfuye azize ibikomere vy'amasasu.

Nk'uko Mahmoud Jibril abivuga, Koroneli Kadhafi yafashwe akiri muzima kandi ntiyarwanye na gato. Ariko igihe bariko baramushira mu modoka kugira bamukure aho yari ari, iyo modoka yaraswe n'abarwanyi bo ku mpande zompi, maze urusasu rumwe rukubita Kadhafi mu mutwe, aca arapfa ubwo nyene.

Mahmoud Jibril yavuze ko abaganga batashoboye kumenya nimba urusasu rwamwishe rwari rurashwe n'umurwanyi w'ingabo zamurwanya canke n'uwari mu bari bashigikiye Koroneli Kadhafi.

'Umwami w'Abami' n'indoto ya Kadhafi yo kwubaka ubwami burongowe na Khalifa (umusubirizi wa Mahomet)

Ariko rero, Kadhafi yararanguye imigambi itari mike y'iterambere ikomeye cane, harimwo uwo gukwiragiza amazi mu bice vyo mu buraruko bwa Libya. Yari azwi kandi ku myambaro yiwe yihariye, hamwe n'amajambo yiwe yari akunzwe cane.

Muri rimwe mu majambo yiwe, yaravuze ko Abanyapalestina n'Abanya-Israel bakwiye kuba igihugu kimwe, kuko iyo ntara itari nini bihagije ngo ibemwo ibihugu bibiri bitandukanye.

Ivyo vyiyumviro vyaribonekeza kandi mu makoraniro y'Ishirahamwe ry'Ibihugu vy'Abarabu, haba kubera ingendo n'inyifato vyiwe bitamenyerewe canke ukungene yiyita "Umwami w'Abami wa Afrika".

Muri Myandagaro (8) 2008, abami n'abarongozi kama bo muri Afrika bagera kuri 200 baramuhaye iryo teka i Benghazi, aho yanatangarije umugambi wo gushinga igisirikare kimwe ca Afrika, ifaranga rusangi rimwe rya Afrika hamwe n'igitabo c'inzira kimwe ca Afrika.

Ivyiyumviro vya Kadhafi vyagiye bihinduka uko imyaka yagenda. Mu ntango, yashira imbere icivugo c'ubumwe bw'ihanga ry'Abarabu kandi akiyerekana nk'indongozi y'ihanga ry'Abarabu, nk'uko vyari bimeze kuri Gamal Abdel Nasser.

Ariko amaze kubona ko iyo ndoto yari igoye gushira mu ngiro, yaciye ahindukirira ku mugabane wa Afrika maze atangura kwiyerekana nk'indongozi ya Afrika.

Mu nyuma, Kadhafi yarahinduye, yerekeza amaso ku karere k'Aba-Isilamu, ahamagarira gusubizaho intwaro ya Khalifa y'Abafatimide, bisigura intwaro y'Aba-Isilamu yari irongowe n'umuryango rw'Abafatimide, ni ukuvuga abakomoka kuri Fatima, umukobwa w'intumwa y'Imana Muhammad yatanguje idini rya Isilamu.

Koroneli Kadhafi yavuga ko iyi ntwaro yari gushobora gufasha gushira hamwe Abasuni n'Abashiya no kugabanya amatati yari hagati yabo muri Afrika y'Uburaruko.