Waɗanne makaman uranium ne Rasha ke amfani da su?

Rahotanni sun nuna cewa Rasha ta yi amfani da jirage marasa matuƙa masu ɗauke da sinadarin depleted uranium wajen kai hare-hare a Ukraine.

An ce akwai kusan lokuta 10 da aka tabbatar da amfani da irin waɗannan jirage. Dukkansu jiragen leƙen asiri ne na Rasha da aka gano bayan sun fāɗi a ƙasar Ukraine.

Kowane jirgin na ɗauke da makamin linzami na nau'in R-60, wanda aka ƙera da sinadarin depleted uranium a cikinsa.

Wannan sinadari na da ƙarancin aikin rediyo (radioactivity) idan aka kwatanta da uranium na halitta, kuma makaman da ake amfani da shi a cikinsu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin makamai na al'ada, ba makaman nukiliya ba.

Gaba ɗaya, masana na ganin cewa haɗarin da radiation daga depleted uranium ke haifarwa ba shi da yawa.

Hukumar Tsaron Cikin Gida ta Ukraine (SBU) ta ce an ƙera makaman linzamin ne domin yi wa jiragen yaƙin Ukraine da ke ƙoƙarin tare hare-haren sama na Rasha kawanya.

Hukumar ta ce zuwa yanzu ta gano jirage marasa matuƙa guda tara da ke ɗauke da makaman da ke ƙunshe da sinadarai masu aikin rediyo. Dukkan jiragen an gano su ne a arewacin Ukraine tsakanin watan Afrilu da Yulin 2026. Bakwai daga cikinsu an same su a yankin Chernihiv, yayin da aka gano biyu a yankin Sumy.

Sai dai rahoto na farko game da irin wannan jirgi mara matuƙi ya fito ne a watan Janairun 2026.

Rahoton ya fito ne daga bakin Sergey Beskrestov, wani fitaccen masanin harkokin jirage marasa matuƙa a Ukraine, wanda aka fi sani da lakabin "Flash".

Daga baya, Beskrestov ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba wa Ministan Tsaron Ukraine shawara, kafin daga bisani ya zama mai ba shugaban ƙasar Volodymyr Zelensky shawara.

Wane nauyin makami ne R-60?

An ƙera makaman linzami na nau'in R-60 ne a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet a shekarun 1970 domin amfani da su a yaƙin sama na kusa tsakanin jiragen yaƙi.

Nau'in R-60M, wanda zai iya ɗaukar kan makami da aka ƙera da sinadarin depleted uranium, ya kasance cikin kayan aikin soji tun kafin barkewar yaƙin Ukraine.

Masana sun ce an fara amfani da wannan nau'in makami ne domin kai farmaki kan jiragen yaƙin abokan gaba a gajeren zango, kuma yana daga cikin makaman da aka daɗe ana amfani da su a rundunonin sojin ƙasashen da suka gada daga tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.

"Wannan tsohon makami ne da aka ƙera a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet, kuma kan makaminsa na ɗauke da wasu sanduna na musamman da aka yi da sinadarin depleted uranium," in ji Beskrestov a wata hira.

Ya ƙara da cewa babban manufar makamin ita ce harbo jiragen sama, ba wai haddasa gurɓacewar muhalli ba.

"Ba makami ne mai ɗauke da kan nukiliya ba," kamar yadda ya shaida wa kamfanin dillancin labarai na Ukraine, Union.

Sinadarin depleted uranium na da matuƙar nauyi da ƙarfi. Saboda haka, mafi shaharar amfani da shi a fannin soji shi ne wajen ƙera makaman da ake amfani da su wajen lalata manyan motocin yaƙi masu sulke.

Robert Tolstoy na cibiyar bincike ta Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) da ke London ya ce idan aka yi amfani da wannan sinadari a makaman linzami, yana iya ƙara musu ƙarfi da tasiri saboda ana iya ƙera shi zuwa ƙananan gutsattsura masu nauyi.

"Yawan ƙarfinsa da nauyinsa na ba da damar amfani da ƙananan gutsattsura masu yawa a kusa da abubuwan fashewa. Hakan na iya ƙara wa makamin nisa da kuma ƙarfin barna," kamar yadda ya shaida wa BBC.

Ya ce wannan na da muhimmanci musamman idan an ƙera makamin domin haifar da mummunar illa ba tare da ya bugi abin da ake hari kai tsaye ba, misali idan yana amfani da na'urar fashewa da ke tashi da zarar ya kusanci abin da ake niyya, kamar yadda ke faruwa a makamin R-60.

Yaya haɗarin makamin uranium yake?

Robert Tolstoy na cibiyar binciken tsaro ta Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) ya ce uranium da aka rage masa ƙarfi (depleted uranium), idan aka yi amfani da shi a manyan makaman huda sulke ko aka adana shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na makami, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin abin da ke da aminci wajen jigila da amfani.

Sai dai ƙwayoyin uranium da aka rage masa ƙarfi na iya shiga jikin mutum a matsayin kura bayan makaman sun tarwatse, misali idan sun bugi wani hari. Masu bincike sun ce da wuya mutane su shaki ko su haɗiye adadi mai yawa na irin waɗannan ƙwayoyi da zai iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya masu tsanani.

Wani binciken kimiyya da aka wallafa a mujallar Journal of Environmental Radioactivity kan tasirin uranium da aka rage masa ƙarfi ya nuna cewa ba a sa ran za a ga wani tasiri kai tsaye ga lafiyar ɗan Adam. Binciken ya kuma ce hasashen haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara da ka iya ragewa a baya ya dogara ne da ka'idojin kimiyya da nazari.

A cewar binciken, haɗarin ya yi ƙasa sosai a duk wuraren da yaƙi ya ƙare, kuma bai kai irin haɗarin da mutum zai iya fuskanta daga hasken radiation na dabi'a ba.

Sai dai Hukumar Kula da Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA) ta ce adadin radiation da mutum zai iya samu ta hanyar hulɗa da makaman da ke ɗauke da uranium da aka rage masa ƙarfi ya sa ya zama dole a rage lokacin da ake mu'amala da ko sarrafa irin waɗannan kayayyaki. Haka kuma ta ba da shawarar amfani da kayan kariya, ciki har da safar hannu.

Rahoton Shirin Kare Muhalli na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) kan tasirin yaƙin Ukraine ya kuma nuna cewa uranium da aka rage masa ƙarfi na iya janyo kaikayin fata, gazawar koda da kuma ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar sankara.

Ce-ce-ku-ce kan makaman uranium

Amfani da makaman da ke ɗauke da sinadarin depleted uranium ya daɗe yana haifar da muhawara da ce-ce-ku-ce a duniya. An yi amfani da wannan sinadari a makaman yaƙi da tankoki a lokacin Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na 1991, sannan daga baya a Kosovo a 1999 da kuma Iraƙi a 2003.

A watan Maris na 2023, Rasha ta nuna fushinta bayan rahotanni sun ce Birtaniya na shirin bai wa Ukraine harsasan da ke ɗauke da depleted uranium domin amfani da tankokinta na nau'in Challenger 2.

A wancan lokaci, shugaban Rasha, Vladimir Putin, ya ce: "Kasashen Yamma gaba ɗaya sun kai wani mataki da suka fara amfani da makaman da ke da alaƙa da fasahar nukiliya."

Shi ma ministan harkokin wajen Rasha, Sergei Lavrov, ya zargi Birtaniya da karya dokokin jinƙai na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi yaƙe-yaƙe.

Sai dai babu wata yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ta haramta amfani da makaman da ke ɗauke da depleted uranium. Haka kuma, Rasha da kanta na amfani da makaman yaƙi da tankoki masu ɗauke da wannan sinadari, ciki har da harsashin Svinets.